北 野

国内有些地区访问Rustup的服务器及registry(@github)不太顺畅，这里介绍配置中科大的Rust镜像。

科大 Rust Crates 镜像

在 $HOME/.cargo/config 中添加如下内容

[registry]
index = "git://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/crates.io-index"

如果所处的环境中不允许使用 git 协议, 可以把上述地址改为

index = "http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/crates.io-index"

同步频率为每两个小时更新一次.

如果 cargo 版本为 0.13.0 或以上, 需要更改 $HOME/.cargo/config 为以下内容:

[source.crates-io]
registry = "https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
replace-with = 'ustc'
[source.ustc]
registry = "git://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/crates.io-index"

Tars是腾讯从2008年到今天一直在使用的后台逻辑层的统一应用框架TAF（Total Application Framework），目前支持C++,Java,PHP,Nodejs,Go语言。该框架为用户提供了涉及到开发、运维、以及测试的一整套解决方案，帮助一个产品或者服务快速开发、部署、测试、上线。 它集可扩展协议编解码、高性能RPC通信框架、名字路由与发现、发布监控、日志统计、配置管理等于一体，通过它可以快速用微服务的方式构建自己的稳定可靠的分布式应用，并实现完整有效的服务治理，非参Nice。本文简单介绍通过docker部署一套用于开发测试的Tars尝尝滋味。

配置清单

单节点部署Tars：

• 操作系统: CentOS 7
• MySQL: 5.7
• Tars: v1.0.1 (bitbus/tars:latest)

Docker安装

安装CentOS官方版本：

% sudo yum install -y docker

或者 安装Docker官方版本：

% sudo su
% yum install -y yum-utils device-mapper-persistent-data lvm2
% yum-config-manager --add-repo https://download.docker.com/linux/centos/docker-ce.repo
% yum install -y docker-ce 

启动Docker服务：

% sudo systemctl enable docker
% sudo systemctl start docker

This document describes the binary wire format for protocol buffer messages. You don’t need to understand this to use protocol buffers in your applications, but it can be very useful to know how different protocol buffer formats affect the size of your encoded messages.

A Simple Message

Let’s say you have the following very simple message definition:

message Test1 {
  optional int32 a = 1;
}

In an application, you create a Test1 message and set a to 150. You then serialize the message to an output stream. If you were able to examine the encoded message, you’d see three bytes:

08 96 01

So far, so small and numeric – but what does it mean? Read on…

§Organization

64-bit Words

For the purpose of Cap’n Proto, a “word” is defined as 8 bytes, or 64 bits. Since alignment of data is important, all objects (structs, lists, and blobs) are aligned to word boundaries, and sizes are usually expressed in terms of words. (Primitive values are aligned to a multiple of their size within a struct or list.)

Messages

The unit of communication in Cap’n Proto is a “message”. A message is a tree of objects, with the root always being a struct.

Physically, messages may be split into several “segments”, each of which is a flat blob of bytes. Typically, a segment must be loaded into a contiguous block of memory before it can be accessed, so that the relative pointers within the segment can be followed quickly. However, when a message has multiple segments, it does not matter where those segments are located in memory relative to each other; inter-segment pointers are encoded differently, as we’ll see later.

目录

• Tars语言
• Tars协议

1. Tars语言

1.1. 接口文件

• Tars语言是一种类c++标识符的语言，用于生成具体的服务接口文件
• Tars文件是Tars框架中客户端和服务端的通信接口，通过Tars的映射实现远程对象调用
• Tars文件的扩展名必须以.tars为扩展名
• 对于结构定义，可以支持扩展字段，即可以增加字段而不影响原有结构的解析，可以在存储/协议等地方单独使用
• 大小写敏感

This is a language specification reference for version 3 of the Protocol Buffers language (proto3). The syntax is specified using Extended Backus-Naur Form (EBNF):

|   alternation
()  grouping
[]  option (zero or one time)
{}  repetition (any number of times)

For more information about using proto3, see the language guide.

Lexical elements

Letters and digits

letter = "A" … "Z" | "a" … "z"
decimalDigit = "0" … "9"
octalDigit   = "0" … "7"
hexDigit     = "0" … "9" | "A" … "F" | "a" … "f"

This is a language specification reference for version 2 of the Protocol Buffers language (proto2). The syntax is specified using Extended Backus-Naur Form (EBNF):

|   alternation
()  grouping
[]  option (zero or one time)
{}  repetition (any number of times)

For more information about using proto2, see the language guide.

Lexical elements

Letters and digits

letter = "A" … "Z" | "a" … "z"
capitalLetter =  "A" … "Z"
decimalDigit = "0" … "9"
octalDigit   = "0" … "7"
hexDigit     = "0" … "9" | "A" … "F" | "a" … "f"

Schema Language

Like Protocol Buffers and Thrift (but unlike JSON or MessagePack), Cap’n Proto messages are strongly-typed and not self-describing. You must define your message structure in a special language, then invoke the Cap’n Proto compiler (capnp compile) to generate source code to manipulate that message type in your desired language.

For example:

@0xdbb9ad1f14bf0b36;  # unique file ID, generated by `capnp id`

struct Person {
  name @0 :Text;
  birthdate @3 :Date;

  email @1 :Text;
  phones @2 :List(PhoneNumber);

  struct PhoneNumber {
    number @0 :Text;
    type @1 :Type;

    enum Type {
      mobile @0;
      home @1;
      work @2;
    }
  }
}

struct Date {
  year @0 :Int16;
  month @1 :UInt8;
  day @2 :UInt8;
}

Version: 1.0.0 (SemVer) Date: 2016-03-25 Authors: Felix Geisendörfer, Kevin van Zonneveld, Tim Koschützki, Naren Venkataraman, Marius Kleidl Collaborators: Bruno de Carvalho, James Butler, Øystein Steimler, Sam Rijs, Khang Toh, Jacques Boscq, Jérémy FRERE, Pieter Hintjens, Stephan Seidt, Aran Wilkinson, Svein Ove Aas, Oliver Anan, Tim, j4james, Julian Reschke, Evert Pot, Jochen Kupperschmidt, Andrew Fenn, Kevin Swiber, Jan Kohlhof, eno, Luke Arduini, Jim Schmid, Jeffrey ‘jf’ Lim, Daniel Lopretto, Mark Murphy, Peter Darrow, Gargaj, Tomasz Rydzyński, Tino de Bruijn, Jonas mg, Christian Ulbrich, Jon Gjengset, Michael Elovskikh, Rick Olson, J. Ryan Stinnett, Ifedapo Olarewaju Robert Nagy

The key words “MUST”, “MUST NOT”, “REQUIRED”, “SHALL”, “SHALL NOT”, “SHOULD”, “SHOULD NOT”, “RECOMMENDED”, “MAY”, and “OPTIONAL” in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119.

Status

Following SemVer, as of 1.0.0 tus is ready for general adoption. We don’t expect to make breaking changes, but if we do, those will have to be in a 2.0.0. Introducing a new extension or any backwards-compatible change adding new functionality will result in a bumped MINOR version.

Contributing

This protocol is authored and owned by the tus community. We welcome patches and feedback via GitHub. All authors and collaborators will be listed as such in the protocol header.

Please also let us know about any implementations (open source or commercial) if you’d like to be listed on the implementations page.

Abstract

The protocol provides a mechanism for resumable file uploads via HTTP/1.1 (RFC 7230) and HTTP/2 (RFC 7540).